Bhagavad Gita · Chapter 12

Bhagavad Gita Chapter 12 (Bhakti Yoga) in Hindi and English with meaning

Arjuna asks which seekers are better: those who worship God with form, as Krishna, or those who meditate on the formless. Krishna praises loving devotion, gives a ladder of four steps so that anyone can begin where they are, and ends with a gentle portrait of the devotee who is dear to him: free of hatred, kind, calm in praise and blame.

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Listen: Bhagavad Gita Chapter 12: Bhakti Yoga

A calm computer-voiced recitation over soft music, checked line by line against the text. It is an aid to reading along, not a replacement for a priest or a family elder.

What chapter 12 is about

Chapter 11 ended with Krishna saying that he is reached by undivided devotion. Arjuna now asks a clear question (12.1): who knows yoga better, those who worship you as you are before me, or those who meditate on the imperishable, formless reality? Krishna answers (12.2) that those who fix their minds on him with faith and love are, to him, the most perfectly joined. Those who seek the formless also reach him (12.3–12.4), but their path is harder for people living in a body (12.5).

The chapter’s kindest teaching is a ladder (12.8–12.11): fix your mind on me; if you cannot, practise again and again; if you cannot practise, do your work for me; and if even that is hard, simply let go of the fruits of your actions. No one is left out. Verse 12.12 adds that letting go of the fruits brings peace at once.

Verses 12.13 to 12.20 describe the devotee Krishna loves, each verse ending with the refrain “such a one is dear to me”: free of hatred, friendly and compassionate, not troubling the world and not troubled by it (12.15), the same to friend and foe, in honour and insult (12.18). With only 20 verses it is one of the two shortest chapters, and many people learn it by heart. Reading it with the meanings takes about 12 minutes.

Verses 12.1–12.12: form or formless, and four steps

Arjuna asks which worship is better; Krishna praises devotion and gives a path for every kind of seeker.

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Verse 12.1

अर्जुन उवाच
एवं सततयुक्ता ये भक्तास्त्वां पर्युपासते।
ये चाप्यक्षरमव्यक्तं तेषां के योगवित्तमाः॥

Arjuna uvacha
evam satata-yukta ye bhaktas tvam paryupasate,
ye chapy aksharam avyaktam tesham ke yoga-vittamah.

अर्थ: अर्जुन ने कहा: जो भक्त इस तरह सदा आपसे जुड़े रहकर आपकी (साकार रूप की) उपासना करते हैं, और जो अविनाशी, अव्यक्त (निराकार) की उपासना करते हैं, उनमें योग को सबसे अच्छी तरह जानने वाले कौन हैं?

Meaning: Arjuna said: Those devotees who, always joined to you in this way, worship you, and those who worship the imperishable, the unmanifest: which of them know yoga best?

Verse 12.2

श्रीभगवानुवाच
मय्यावेश्य मनो ये मां नित्ययुक्ता उपासते।
श्रद्धया परयोपेतास्ते मे युक्ततमा मताः॥

Shri Bhagavan uvacha
mayy aveshya mano ye mam nitya-yukta upasate,
shraddhaya parayopetas te me yuktatama matah.

अर्थ: श्रीभगवान ने कहा: जो मन को मुझमें लगाकर, सदा मुझसे जुड़े रहकर, परम श्रद्धा के साथ मेरी उपासना करते हैं, वे मेरे मत में सबसे श्रेष्ठ योगी हैं।

Meaning: The Lord said: Those who fix their minds on me and worship me, always joined to me, with the highest faith, I hold to be the most perfect in yoga.

Verse 12.3

ये त्वक्षरमनिर्देश्यमव्यक्तं पर्युपासते।
सर्वत्रगमचिन्त्यं च कूटस्थमचलं ध्रुवम्॥

Ye tv aksharam anirdeshyam avyaktam paryupasate,
sarvatra-gam achintyam cha kuta-stham achalam dhruvam.

अर्थ: पर जो उस अक्षर (अविनाशी) की उपासना करते हैं, जिसे शब्दों में बताया नहीं जा सकता, जो अव्यक्त है, सर्वव्यापी है, सोच से परे है, अटल, अचल और स्थिर है,

Meaning: But those who worship the Imperishable, which cannot be described, which is unmanifest, everywhere present, beyond thought, unchanging, unmoving and constant,

Verse 12.4

संनियम्येन्द्रियग्रामं सर्वत्र समबुद्धयः।
ते प्राप्नुवन्ति मामेव सर्वभूतहिते रताः॥

Sanniyamyendriya-gramam sarvatra sama-buddhayah,
te prapnuvanti mam eva sarva-bhuta-hite ratah.

अर्थ: इंद्रियों के समूह को अच्छी तरह वश में करके, सब जगह सम बुद्धि रखते हुए, सब प्राणियों के भले में लगे रहने वाले वे भी मुझे ही पाते हैं। (श्लोक 3 और 4 मिलकर एक वाक्य हैं।)

Meaning: holding all the senses in check, even-minded everywhere, delighting in the good of all beings, they too reach me alone. (Verses 3 and 4 form one sentence.)

Verse 12.5

क्लेशोऽधिकतरस्तेषामव्यक्तासक्तचेतसाम्।
अव्यक्ता हि गतिर्दुःखं देहवद्भिरवाप्यते॥

Klesho 'dhikataras tesham avyaktasakta-chetasam,
avyakta hi gatir duhkham dehavadbhir avapyate.

अर्थ: पर जिनका मन अव्यक्त (निराकार) में लगा है, उनके लिए कठिनाई अधिक है, क्योंकि शरीर में रहने वालों के लिए अव्यक्त का मार्ग बड़ी कठिनाई से मिलता है।

Meaning: Greater is the struggle of those whose minds are set on the unmanifest, for the unmanifest goal is reached with difficulty by those who live in a body.

Verse 12.6

ये तु सर्वाणि कर्माणि मयि संन्यस्य मत्पराः।
अनन्येनैव योगेन मां ध्यायन्त उपासते॥

Ye tu sarvani karmani mayi sannyasya mat-parah,
ananyenaiva yogena mam dhyayanta upasate.

अर्थ: पर जो अपने सब कर्म मुझे सौंपकर, मुझे ही परम लक्ष्य मानकर, अनन्य (केवल मुझमें लगे) योग से मेरा ध्यान करते हुए मेरी उपासना करते हैं,

Meaning: But those who give all their actions over to me, hold me as the highest, and worship me, meditating on me with undivided devotion,

Verse 12.7

तेषामहं समुद्धर्ता मृत्युसंसारसागरात्।
भवामि नचिरात्पार्थ मय्यावेशितचेतसाम्॥

Tesham aham samuddharta mrityu-samsara-sagarat,
bhavami nachirat partha mayy aveshita-chetasam.

अर्थ: हे पार्थ, जिनका मन मुझमें लगा है, उन्हें मैं जल्दी ही मृत्यु और संसार के सागर से पार निकाल देता हूँ। (श्लोक 6 और 7 मिलकर एक वाक्य हैं।)

Meaning: for them, whose minds are fixed on me, I soon become the one who lifts them out of the sea of death and rebirth, Arjuna. (Verses 6 and 7 form one sentence.)

Verse 12.8

मय्येव मन आधत्स्व मयि बुद्धिं निवेशय।
निवसिष्यसि मय्येव अत ऊर्ध्वं न संशयः॥

Mayy eva mana adhatsva mayi buddhim niveshaya,
nivasishyasi mayy eva ata urdhvam na samshayah.

अर्थ: अपना मन मुझमें ही लगाओ, अपनी बुद्धि मुझमें ही टिकाओ। इसके बाद तुम मुझमें ही निवास करोगे, इसमें कोई संदेह नहीं।

Meaning: Fix your mind on me alone and let your understanding rest in me. Then you will live in me, without any doubt.

Verse 12.9

अथ चित्तं समाधातुं न शक्नोषि मयि स्थिरम्।
अभ्यासयोगेन ततो मामिच्छाप्तुं धनंजय॥

Atha chittam samadhatum na shaknoshi mayi sthiram,
abhyasa-yogena tato mam ichchhaptum dhananjaya.

अर्थ: हे धनंजय, यदि तुम अपने चित्त को मुझमें स्थिर नहीं रख सकते, तो अभ्यास-योग से (बार-बार मन को लौटाकर) मुझे पाने की इच्छा करो।

Meaning: If you cannot hold your mind steadily on me, Arjuna, then seek to reach me through the yoga of practice, bringing the mind back again and again.

Verse 12.10

अभ्यासेऽप्यसमर्थोऽसि मत्कर्मपरमो भव।
मदर्थमपि कर्माणि कुर्वन्सिद्धिमवाप्स्यसि॥

Abhyase 'py asamartho 'si mat-karma-paramo bhava,
mad-artham api karmani kurvan siddhim avapsyasi.

अर्थ: यदि तुम अभ्यास भी नहीं कर सकते, तो मेरे लिए कर्म करने को ही अपना लक्ष्य बना लो। मेरे लिए कर्म करते हुए भी तुम सिद्धि पा लोगे।

Meaning: If you are not able even to practise, make work done for me your aim. Simply by doing your work for my sake, you will reach fulfilment.

Verse 12.11

अथैतदप्यशक्तोऽसि कर्तुं मद्योगमाश्रितः।
सर्वकर्मफलत्यागं ततः कुरु यतात्मवान्॥

Athaitad apy ashakto 'si kartum mad-yogam ashritah,
sarva-karma-phala-tyagam tatah kuru yatatmavan.

अर्थ: और यदि मेरा आश्रय लेकर यह भी न कर सको, तो मन को वश में रखकर सब कर्मों के फल की चाह छोड़ दो।

Meaning: And if you cannot do even this, taking refuge in me, then with a self-controlled mind let go of the fruits of all your actions.

Verse 12.12

श्रेयो हि ज्ञानमभ्यासाज्ज्ञानाद्ध्यानं विशिष्यते।
ध्यानात्कर्मफलत्यागस्त्यागाच्छान्तिरनन्तरम्॥

Shreyo hi jnanam abhyasaj jnanad dhyanam vishishyate,
dhyanat karma-phala-tyagas tyagach chhantir anantaram.

अर्थ: बिना समझ के अभ्यास से ज्ञान श्रेष्ठ है, ज्ञान से ध्यान श्रेष्ठ है, और ध्यान से कर्मों के फल की चाह छोड़ना श्रेष्ठ है, क्योंकि उस त्याग के तुरंत बाद शांति मिलती है। टीकाकार इस क्रम को अलग-अलग तरह से समझाते हैं।

Meaning: Knowledge is better than mere practice; meditation is better than knowledge; letting go of the fruits of action is better than meditation, for peace follows that letting go at once. Commentators explain this order in different ways.

Verses 12.13–12.20: the devotee who is dear to me

The qualities of the one Krishna loves: kindness, calm, contentment and an even mind.

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Verse 12.13

अद्वेष्टा सर्वभूतानां मैत्रः करुण एव च।
निर्ममो निरहंकारः समदुःखसुखः क्षमी॥

Adveshta sarva-bhutanam maitrah karuna eva cha,
nirmamo nirahankarah sama-duhkha-sukhah kshami.

अर्थ: जो किसी भी प्राणी से द्वेष नहीं करता, सबका मित्र है और दयालु है, जो “मेरा” की पकड़ और अहंकार से मुक्त है, सुख-दुख में एक समान है और क्षमाशील है,

Meaning: One who hates no being, who is friendly and compassionate, free from “mine” and from ego, the same in pain and pleasure, and forgiving,

Verse 12.14

संतुष्टः सततं योगी यतात्मा दृढनिश्चयः।
मय्यर्पितमनोबुद्धिर्यो मद्भक्तः स मे प्रियः॥

Santushtah satatam yogi yatatma dridha-nishchayah,
mayy arpita-mano-buddhir yo mad-bhaktah sa me priyah.

अर्थ: जो योगी सदा संतुष्ट है, जिसका मन वश में है, जिसका निश्चय दृढ़ है, और जिसने अपना मन और बुद्धि मुझे अर्पित कर दिए हैं, ऐसा मेरा भक्त मुझे प्रिय है।

Meaning: always content, steady in yoga, self-controlled, firm in resolve, with mind and understanding given to me: such a devotee of mine is dear to me.

Verse 12.15

यस्मान्नोद्विजते लोको लोकान्नोद्विजते च यः।
हर्षामर्षभयोद्वेगैर्मुक्तो यः स च मे प्रियः॥

Yasman nodvijate loko lokan nodvijate cha yah,
harshamarsha-bhayodvegair mukto yah sa cha me priyah.

अर्थ: जिससे संसार के लोग परेशान नहीं होते, और जो स्वयं भी लोगों से परेशान नहीं होता, जो हर्ष, ईर्ष्या, भय और घबराहट से मुक्त है, वह मुझे प्रिय है।

Meaning: One by whom the world is not troubled, and who is not troubled by the world, who is free from excitement, envy, fear and agitation: that one is dear to me.

Verse 12.16

अनपेक्षः शुचिर्दक्ष उदासीनो गतव्यथः।
सर्वारम्भपरित्यागी यो मद्भक्तः स मे प्रियः॥

Anapekshah shuchir daksha udasino gata-vyathah,
sarvarambha-parityagi yo mad-bhaktah sa me priyah.

अर्थ: जो किसी चीज़ की अपेक्षा नहीं रखता, जो भीतर-बाहर से शुद्ध है, कुशल (काम में चतुर) है, पक्षपात से दूर है, जिसकी व्याकुलता मिट गई है, और जिसने अपने लिए नए-नए काम शुरू करने की होड़ छोड़ दी है, ऐसा मेरा भक्त मुझे प्रिय है।

Meaning: One who expects nothing, who is pure and capable, unbiased and free of worry, who has given up starting ventures for selfish ends: such a devotee of mine is dear to me.

Verse 12.17

यो न हृष्यति न द्वेष्टि न शोचति न काङ्क्षति।
शुभाशुभपरित्यागी भक्तिमान्यः स मे प्रियः॥

Yo na hrishyati na dveshti na shochati na kankshati,
shubhashubha-parityagi bhaktiman yah sa me priyah.

अर्थ: जो न (कुछ मिलने पर) उछलता है, न द्वेष करता है, न शोक करता है, न लालसा रखता है, जिसने शुभ और अशुभ (दोनों की पकड़) छोड़ दी है, ऐसा भक्तिमान मुझे प्रिय है।

Meaning: One who neither rejoices nor hates, neither grieves nor craves, who has let go of both good and bad outcomes, and is full of devotion: that one is dear to me.

Verse 12.18

समः शत्रौ च मित्रे च तथा मानापमानयोः।
शीतोष्णसुखदुःखेषु समः सङ्गविवर्जितः॥

Samah shatrau cha mitre cha tatha manapamanayoh,
shitoshna-sukha-duhkheshu samah sanga-vivarjitah.

अर्थ: जो शत्रु और मित्र में, मान और अपमान में एक समान है, जो सर्दी-गर्मी और सुख-दुख में सम रहता है, और आसक्ति से मुक्त है,

Meaning: One who is the same to foe and friend, in honour and in insult, the same in cold and heat, pleasure and pain, free from clinging,

Verse 12.19

तुल्यनिन्दास्तुतिर्मौनी सन्तुष्टो येन केनचित्।
अनिकेतः स्थिरमतिर्भक्तिमान्मे प्रियो नरः॥

Tulya-ninda-stutir mauni santushto yena kenachit,
aniketah sthira-matir bhaktiman me priyo narah.

अर्थ: जिसके लिए निंदा और प्रशंसा बराबर हैं, जो मननशील (कम बोलने वाला) है, जो कुछ भी मिल जाए उसी में संतुष्ट है, जो किसी घर-ठिकाने से बँधा नहीं है, जिसकी बुद्धि स्थिर है, ऐसा भक्तिमान मनुष्य मुझे प्रिय है। (श्लोक 18 और 19 मिलकर एक वाक्य हैं।)

Meaning: to whom blame and praise are alike, who is quiet, content with whatever comes, not tied to any one home, steady in mind and full of devotion: that person is dear to me. (Verses 18 and 19 form one sentence.)

Verse 12.20

ये तु धर्म्यामृतमिदं यथोक्तं पर्युपासते।
श्रद्दधाना मत्परमा भक्तास्तेऽतीव मे प्रियाः॥

Ye tu dharmyamritam idam yathoktam paryupasate,
shraddadhana mat-parama bhaktas te 'tiva me priyah.

अर्थ: पर जो श्रद्धा रखकर, मुझे परम लक्ष्य मानकर, यहाँ बताए गए इस धर्म रूपी अमृत का ठीक वैसे ही पालन करते हैं, वे भक्त मुझे बहुत ही प्रिय हैं।

Meaning: But those who, with faith, holding me as the highest, follow this nectar of dharma just as it has been taught: those devotees are exceedingly dear to me.

Chapter colophon

ॐ तत्सदिति श्रीमद्भगवद्गीतासूपनिषत्सु ब्रह्मविद्यायां योगशास्त्रे
श्रीकृष्णार्जुनसंवादे भक्तियोगो नाम द्वादशोऽध्यायः॥

Om tat sad iti shrimad-bhagavad-gitasu upanishatsu brahma-vidyayam yoga-shastre
shri-krishnarjuna-samvade bhakti-yogo nama dvadasho 'dhyayah.

अर्थ: ॐ तत् सत्। इस प्रकार उपनिषद रूपी श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता में, जो ब्रह्मविद्या और योगशास्त्र है, श्रीकृष्ण और अर्जुन के संवाद में “भक्तियोग” नाम का बारहवाँ अध्याय पूरा हुआ।

Meaning: Om tat sat. Thus ends the twelfth chapter, called “the yoga of devotion”, in the Bhagavad Gita, an Upanishad, the knowledge of Brahman and a scripture of yoga, in the dialogue between Shri Krishna and Arjuna.

Questions

Is it better to worship God with form or without form, according to Gita 12?

Krishna says both reach him (12.4), but he calls those who worship him with steady love and faith the most perfect in yoga (12.2), and says the path of the formless is harder for people living in a body (12.5). Commentators weigh this differently: devotional teachers see it as placing loving devotion highest, while Shankara’s school reads the formless path as the final goal, which devotion prepares one for.

What are the four steps in Gita 12.8–12.11?

First, fix your mind and understanding on God (12.8). If you cannot, practise: bring the mind back again and again (12.9). If you cannot practise, do your work for God’s sake (12.10). If even that is hard, simply let go of the fruits of your actions (12.11). The ladder means everyone can begin from where they are.

What qualities make a devotee dear to Krishna?

Verses 12.13–12.19 list them: hating no one, being friendly and compassionate, free of “mine” and ego, forgiving, content, not troubling others and not easily troubled, free of envy and fear, expecting nothing, the same in praise and blame, friend and foe. None of them is about ritual; they describe a calm and kind way of living.

Why do many people recite chapter 12 daily?

It is short (20 verses, about 5 minutes to recite in Sanskrit), it gathers the Gita’s teaching on devotion in one place, and its closing verses read like a daily mirror: a list of qualities to grow into. Many teachers suggest it, along with chapter 15, as a good chapter to learn by heart.

Text and sources

The Sanskrit text is public domain. We checked all 20 verses and the colophon one by one against the chapter on Sanskrit Wikisource (“Bhagavadgita/Bhaktiyogah”) and the Srimad Bhagavad Gita text of IIT Kanpur’s Gita Supersite (heritage.iitk.ac.in), whose text the open “gita/gita” dataset also reproduces (we used only its Sanskrit), comparing them by program after normalising punctuation and spelling conventions. Where they differ we follow the Gita Press reading. The sources agree word for word in this chapter, including the Gita Press readings “nivasishyasi mayy eva ata urdhvam” (12.8) and “sanniyamya” (12.4); the only differences are a garbled letter in “bhaktiman” in the IIT Kanpur and dataset text of 12.17 (and the dataset’s 12.19), where we follow Wikisource and Gita Press. The transliteration and meanings are our own.

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