Bhagavad Gita · Chapter 8
Bhagavad Gita Chapter 8 (Akshara Brahma Yoga) in Hindi and English with meaning
Arjuna asks Krishna to explain the terms he used at the end of chapter 7, and how the Lord is known at the time of death. Krishna answers that whatever a person remembers at the end is what they go to, and so he asks Arjuna to remember him at all times, and to act.
Listen: Bhagavad Gita Chapter 8: Akshara Brahma Yoga
A calm computer-voiced recitation over soft music, checked line by line against the text. It is an aid to reading along, not a replacement for a priest or a family elder.
What chapter 8 is about
Chapter 7 ended with Krishna saying that those who know him along with the adhibhuta, adhidaiva and adhiyajna know him even at the time of death. Arjuna asks what these words mean, and what Brahman, the inner self and action are (8.1–8.2). Krishna gives short answers (8.3–8.4): Brahman is the imperishable (akshara), the name the chapter takes, and he himself is the one worshipped within every body.
The heart of the chapter is about remembrance. Whoever leaves the body remembering Krishna comes to him (8.5), because a person goes to whatever their mind has dwelt on all along (8.6). The last thought is not something one can arrange at the last moment, so Krishna says: “remember me at all times, and fight” (8.7). For one who thinks of him constantly, with a mind turned nowhere else, he is easy to reach (8.14). Verses 8.12–8.13 describe a yogi who leaves the body while saying Om.
The chapter then widens to the scale of the universe: a single day of Brahma, the creator, lasts a thousand ages, and worlds appear at its dawn and dissolve at its nightfall (8.17–8.19). Beyond all this is an unmanifest reality that never perishes, reached by single-minded devotion (8.22). It ends with the “bright” and “dark” paths taken after death (8.24–8.26), and the assurance that a yogi who understands this goes beyond the merit of all rituals (8.28). Reading it with the meanings takes about 15 minutes.
Verses 8.1–8.7: Arjuna’s questions and the last thought
Arjuna asks seven questions; Krishna answers them and explains why the mind’s last thought matters.
Verse 8.1
अर्जुन उवाच
किं तद्ब्रह्म किमध्यात्मं किं कर्म पुरुषोत्तम।
अधिभूतं च किं प्रोक्तमधिदैवं किमुच्यते॥
Arjuna uvacha
kim tad brahma kim adhyatmam kim karma purushottama,
adhibhutam cha kim proktam adhidaivam kim uchyate.
अर्थ: अर्जुन ने कहा: हे पुरुषोत्तम, वह ब्रह्म क्या है? अध्यात्म क्या है? कर्म क्या है? अधिभूत किसे कहा गया है, और अधिदैव किसे कहते हैं?
Meaning: Arjuna said: Krishna, what is that Brahman? What is the inner self (adhyatma)? What is action? What is called the adhibhuta, and what is meant by the adhidaiva?
Verse 8.2
अधियज्ञः कथं कोऽत्र देहेऽस्मिन्मधुसूदन।
प्रयाणकाले च कथं ज्ञेयोऽसि नियतात्मभिः॥
Adhiyajnah katham ko 'tra dehe 'smin madhusudana,
prayana-kale cha katham jneyo 'si niyatatmabhih.
अर्थ: हे मधुसूदन, इस शरीर में अधियज्ञ कौन है और वह कैसे है? और मन को वश में रखने वाले लोग मृत्यु के समय आपको कैसे जान पाते हैं?
Meaning: Who is the adhiyajna here in this body, Krishna, and how does he dwell in it? And how are you to be known at the time of death by those who have mastered themselves?
Verse 8.3
श्रीभगवानुवाच
अक्षरं ब्रह्म परमं स्वभावोऽध्यात्ममुच्यते।
भूतभावोद्भवकरो विसर्गः कर्मसंज्ञितः॥
Shri Bhagavan uvacha
aksharam brahma paramam svabhavo 'dhyatmam uchyate,
bhuta-bhavodbhava-karo visargah karma-samjnitah.
अर्थ: श्रीभगवान ने कहा: परम अक्षर (कभी नष्ट न होने वाला) ब्रह्म है। हर प्राणी का अपना स्वरूप (स्वभाव) अध्यात्म कहलाता है। और जिस त्याग (अर्पण) से प्राणी उत्पन्न होते और पलते हैं, उसे कर्म कहते हैं।
Meaning: The Lord said: Brahman is the supreme imperishable. One’s own essential being is called the inner self (adhyatma). And the offering that brings beings into existence and sustains them is called action.
Verse 8.4
अधिभूतं क्षरो भावः पुरुषश्चाधिदैवतम्।
अधियज्ञोऽहमेवात्र देहे देहभृतां वर॥
Adhibhutam ksharo bhavah purushash chadhidaivatam,
adhiyajno 'ham evatra dehe deha-bhritam vara.
अर्थ: नाशवान (बदलने वाली) सृष्टि अधिभूत है, और (सबमें व्याप्त) पुरुष अधिदैव है। हे देहधारियों में श्रेष्ठ, इस शरीर में अधियज्ञ मैं ही हूँ।
Meaning: The perishable world of things is the adhibhuta, and the cosmic Person (purusha) is the adhidaiva. And I myself, best of embodied beings, am the adhiyajna, the Lord of offering, here in the body.
Verse 8.5
अन्तकाले च मामेव स्मरन्मुक्त्वा कलेवरम्।
यः प्रयाति स मद्भावं याति नास्त्यत्र संशयः॥
Anta-kale cha mam eva smaran muktva kalevaram,
yah prayati sa mad-bhavam yati nasty atra samshayah.
अर्थ: और जो अंत समय में मुझे ही याद करते हुए शरीर छोड़कर जाता है, वह मेरे स्वरूप को पाता है; इसमें कोई संदेह नहीं।
Meaning: And whoever leaves the body at the end remembering me alone comes to my being; there is no doubt about this.
Verse 8.6
यं यं वापि स्मरन्भावं त्यजत्यन्ते कलेवरम्।
तं तमेवैति कौन्तेय सदा तद्भावभावितः॥
Yam yam vapi smaran bhavam tyajaty ante kalevaram,
tam tam evaiti kaunteya sada tad-bhava-bhavitah.
अर्थ: हे कौन्तेय, व्यक्ति अंत समय में जिस-जिस भाव को याद करते हुए शरीर छोड़ता है, उसी को पाता है, क्योंकि उसका मन सदा उसी भाव में रंगा रहा होता है।
Meaning: Whatever a person remembers when finally leaving the body, Arjuna, to that alone they go, because the mind has always been coloured by it.
Verse 8.7
तस्मात्सर्वेषु कालेषु मामनुस्मर युध्य च।
मय्यर्पितमनोबुद्धिर्मामेवैष्यस्यसंशयम्॥
Tasmat sarveshu kaleshu mam anusmara yudhya cha,
mayy arpita-mano-buddhir mam evaishyasy asamshayam.
अर्थ: इसलिए हर समय मुझे याद करो और युद्ध भी करो। मन और बुद्धि मुझे सौंप देने पर तुम निःसंदेह मुझे ही पाओगे।
Meaning: So remember me at all times, and fight. With your mind and understanding given to me, you will surely come to me.
Verses 8.8–8.16: steady remembrance and Om
Meditating on the Supreme, leaving the body with Om, and the Lord who is easy to reach for those who remember him.
Verse 8.8
अभ्यासयोगयुक्तेन चेतसा नान्यगामिना।
परमं पुरुषं दिव्यं याति पार्थानुचिन्तयन्॥
Abhyasa-yoga-yuktena chetasa nanya-gamina,
paramam purusham divyam yati parthanuchintayan.
अर्थ: हे पार्थ, अभ्यास के योग से जुड़े और कहीं और न भटकने वाले मन से परम दिव्य पुरुष का निरंतर चिंतन करने वाला उसी को पाता है।
Meaning: With a mind trained by steady practice and not wandering elsewhere, Partha, one who keeps thinking of the supreme divine Person goes to him.
Verse 8.9
कविं पुराणमनुशासितारमणोरणीयांसमनुस्मरेद्यः।
सर्वस्य धातारमचिन्त्यरूपमादित्यवर्णं तमसः परस्तात्॥
Kavim puranam anushasitaram anor aniyamsam anusmared yah,
sarvasya dhataram achintya-rupam aditya-varnam tamasah parastat.
अर्थ: जो उस परमात्मा का स्मरण करता है जो सर्वज्ञ, सबसे प्राचीन, सबका शासक, सूक्ष्म से भी सूक्ष्म, सबको धारण करने वाला, जिसका रूप सोच से परे है, जो सूर्य जैसा प्रकाशमान और अंधकार से परे है,
Meaning: One who remembers him, the all-knowing, the ancient, the ruler of all, subtler than the subtlest, the support of everything, whose form is beyond thought, radiant like the sun and beyond all darkness,
Verse 8.10
प्रयाणकाले मनसाचलेन भक्त्या युक्तो योगबलेन चैव।
भ्रुवोर्मध्ये प्राणमावेश्य सम्यक् स तं परं पुरुषमुपैति दिव्यम्॥
Prayana-kale manasachalena bhaktya yukto yoga-balena chaiva,
bhruvor madhye pranam aveshya samyak sa tam param purusham upaiti divyam.
अर्थ: (और) मृत्यु के समय स्थिर मन से, भक्ति और योग के बल से युक्त होकर, प्राण को भौंहों के बीच ठीक से टिकाकर (उसे याद करता है), वह उस परम दिव्य पुरुष को पा लेता है।
Meaning: (and who does so) at the time of death with an unmoving mind, full of devotion and the strength of yoga, having set the life-breath firmly between the eyebrows, reaches that supreme divine Person.
Verse 8.11
यदक्षरं वेदविदो वदन्ति विशन्ति यद्यतयो वीतरागाः।
यदिच्छन्तो ब्रह्मचर्यं चरन्ति तत्ते पदं संग्रहेण प्रवक्ष्ये॥
Yad aksharam veda-vido vadanti vishanti yad yatayo vita-ragah,
yad ichchhanto brahmacharyam charanti tat te padam sangrahena pravakshye.
अर्थ: वेद जानने वाले जिसे अक्षर कहते हैं, आसक्ति से मुक्त संन्यासी जिसमें प्रवेश करते हैं, और जिसे पाने की इच्छा से लोग ब्रह्मचर्य का पालन करते हैं, उस पद (लक्ष्य) के बारे में मैं तुम्हें संक्षेप में बताऊँगा।
Meaning: What the knowers of the Veda call the imperishable, what ascetics free of passion enter, and what people seek when they live a life of brahmacharya: that goal I will describe to you briefly.
Verse 8.12
सर्वद्वाराणि संयम्य मनो हृदि निरुध्य च।
मूर्ध्न्याधायात्मनः प्राणमास्थितो योगधारणाम्॥
Sarva-dvarani samyamya mano hridi nirudhya cha,
murdhny adhayatmanah pranam asthito yoga-dharanam.
अर्थ: शरीर के सब द्वारों (इंद्रियों) को रोककर, मन को हृदय में थामकर, अपने प्राण को मस्तक में टिकाकर, योग की धारणा में स्थित होकर,
Meaning: Closing all the gates of the body (the senses), holding the mind within the heart, placing the life-breath in the head and staying firm in yogic concentration,
Verse 8.13
ओमित्येकाक्षरं ब्रह्म व्याहरन्मामनुस्मरन्।
यः प्रयाति त्यजन्देहं स याति परमां गतिम्॥
Om ity ekaksharam brahma vyaharan mam anusmaran,
yah prayati tyajan deham sa yati paramam gatim.
अर्थ: जो “ॐ” इस एक अक्षर वाले ब्रह्म का उच्चारण करते हुए और मुझे याद करते हुए शरीर छोड़कर जाता है, वह परम गति (सबसे ऊँचे लक्ष्य) को पाता है।
Meaning: one who departs, leaving the body while saying Om, the one-syllable Brahman, and remembering me, reaches the highest goal.
Verse 8.14
अनन्यचेताः सततं यो मां स्मरति नित्यशः।
तस्याहं सुलभः पार्थ नित्ययुक्तस्य योगिनः॥
Ananya-chetah satatam yo mam smarati nityashah,
tasyaham sulabhah partha nitya-yuktasya yoginah.
अर्थ: हे पार्थ, जो किसी और ओर मन न लगाकर सदा, हर दिन मुझे याद करता है, उस सदा जुड़े हुए योगी के लिए मैं सुलभ (आसानी से मिलने वाला) हूँ।
Meaning: Whoever remembers me always, every day, with a mind turned to nothing else, Partha, for that ever-united yogi I am easy to reach.
Verse 8.15
मामुपेत्य पुनर्जन्म दुःखालयमशाश्वतम्।
नाप्नुवन्ति महात्मानः संसिद्धिं परमां गताः॥
Mam upetya punar janma duhkhalayam ashashvatam,
napnuvanti mahatmanah samsiddhim paramam gatah.
अर्थ: मुझे पा लेने के बाद वे महात्मा, जो परम सिद्धि तक पहुँच चुके हैं, फिर से जन्म नहीं लेते, जो दुखों का घर और अस्थायी है।
Meaning: Having come to me, these great souls, who have reached the highest perfection, do not take birth again, which is a home of sorrow and does not last.
Verse 8.16
आब्रह्मभुवनाल्लोकाः पुनरावर्तिनोऽर्जुन।
मामुपेत्य तु कौन्तेय पुनर्जन्म न विद्यते॥
A-brahma-bhuvanal lokah punar avartino 'rjuna,
mam upetya tu kaunteya punar janma na vidyate.
अर्थ: हे अर्जुन, ब्रह्मा के लोक तक के सब लोकों से फिर लौटना (जन्म लेना) पड़ता है; पर हे कौन्तेय, मुझे पा लेने पर फिर जन्म नहीं होता।
Meaning: All worlds, up to the world of Brahma, are places from which one returns to birth, Arjuna; but for one who comes to me, there is no birth again.
Verses 8.17–8.22: the day of Brahma and the imperishable
The great cycles in which worlds appear and dissolve, and the unmanifest reality beyond them.
Verse 8.17
सहस्रयुगपर्यन्तमहर्यद्ब्रह्मणो विदुः।
रात्रिं युगसहस्रान्तां तेऽहोरात्रविदो जनाः॥
Sahasra-yuga-paryantam ahar yad brahmano viduh,
ratrim yuga-sahasrantam te 'ho-ratra-vido janah.
अर्थ: जो लोग जानते हैं कि ब्रह्मा का एक दिन हज़ार युगों (चतुर्युगों) का होता है और उनकी रात भी हज़ार युगों की, वे दिन और रात का सच्चा अर्थ जानते हैं।
Meaning: Those who know that a day of Brahma lasts a thousand ages, and his night too lasts a thousand ages, truly know what day and night are.
Verse 8.18
अव्यक्ताद्व्यक्तयः सर्वाः प्रभवन्त्यहरागमे।
रात्र्यागमे प्रलीयन्ते तत्रैवाव्यक्तसंज्ञके॥
Avyaktad vyaktayah sarvah prabhavanty ahar-agame,
ratry-agame praliyante tatraivavyakta-samjnake.
अर्थ: ब्रह्मा का दिन आने पर सब प्रकट चीज़ें अव्यक्त (अप्रकट) से उत्पन्न होती हैं, और रात आने पर उसी अव्यक्त में लीन हो जाती हैं।
Meaning: When Brahma’s day dawns, all visible things arise from the unmanifest; when his night falls, they dissolve back into that same unmanifest.
Verse 8.19
भूतग्रामः स एवायं भूत्वा भूत्वा प्रलीयते।
रात्र्यागमेऽवशः पार्थ प्रभवत्यहरागमे॥
Bhuta-gramah sa evayam bhutva bhutva praliyate,
ratry-agame 'vashah partha prabhavaty ahar-agame.
अर्थ: हे पार्थ, प्राणियों का यही समूह बार-बार उत्पन्न होकर रात आने पर विवश होकर लीन हो जाता है, और दिन आने पर फिर उत्पन्न होता है।
Meaning: This same host of beings, Partha, comes into being again and again; it dissolves helplessly when night falls and comes forth again when day dawns.
Verse 8.20
परस्तस्मात्तु भावोऽन्योऽव्यक्तोऽव्यक्तात्सनातनः।
यः स सर्वेषु भूतेषु नश्यत्सु न विनश्यति॥
Paras tasmat tu bhavo 'nyo 'vyakto 'vyaktat sanatanah,
yah sa sarveshu bhuteshu nashyatsu na vinashyati.
अर्थ: पर उस अव्यक्त से भी परे एक और सनातन अव्यक्त सत्ता है, जो सब प्राणियों के नष्ट होने पर भी नष्ट नहीं होती।
Meaning: But beyond that unmanifest there is another unmanifest reality, eternal, which does not perish even when all beings perish.
Verse 8.21
अव्यक्तोऽक्षर इत्युक्तस्तमाहुः परमां गतिम्।
यं प्राप्य न निवर्तन्ते तद्धाम परमं मम॥
Avyakto 'kshara ity uktas tam ahuh paramam gatim,
yam prapya na nivartante tad dhama paramam mama.
अर्थ: उसी अव्यक्त को अक्षर (अविनाशी) कहा गया है, और उसी को परम गति कहते हैं। जिसे पाकर लोग लौटते नहीं, वही मेरा परम धाम है।
Meaning: That unmanifest is called the imperishable, and it is said to be the highest goal. Reaching it, no one returns; that is my supreme abode.
Verse 8.22
पुरुषः स परः पार्थ भक्त्या लभ्यस्त्वनन्यया।
यस्यान्तःस्थानि भूतानि येन सर्वमिदं ततम्॥
Purushah sa parah partha bhaktya labhyas tv ananyaya,
yasyantah-sthani bhutani yena sarvam idam tatam.
अर्थ: हे पार्थ, जिसके भीतर सब प्राणी हैं और जिससे यह सारा जगत व्याप्त है, वह परम पुरुष अनन्य भक्ति से ही मिलता है।
Meaning: That supreme Person, Partha, in whom all beings dwell and by whom all this is pervaded, is reached by devotion that turns to nothing else.
Verses 8.23–8.28: the bright and the dark path
The two paths after death, one of no return and one of return, and the yogi who goes beyond both.
Verse 8.23
यत्र काले त्वनावृत्तिमावृत्तिं चैव योगिनः।
प्रयाता यान्ति तं कालं वक्ष्यामि भरतर्षभ॥
Yatra kale tv anavrittim avrittim chaiva yoginah,
prayata yanti tam kalam vakshyami bharatarshabha.
अर्थ: हे भरतश्रेष्ठ, अब मैं वह समय (मार्ग) बताता हूँ जिसमें शरीर छोड़कर योगी लौटकर नहीं आते, और वह भी जिसमें वे लौट आते हैं।
Meaning: Now I will tell you, Arjuna, of the times at which yogis who depart do not return, and at which they do return.
Verse 8.24
अग्निर्ज्योतिरहः शुक्लः षण्मासा उत्तरायणम्।
तत्र प्रयाता गच्छन्ति ब्रह्म ब्रह्मविदो जनाः॥
Agnir jyotir ahah shuklah shan-masa uttarayanam,
tatra prayata gachchhanti brahma brahma-vido janah.
अर्थ: अग्नि, प्रकाश, दिन, शुक्ल पक्ष और उत्तरायण के छह महीने: इस मार्ग से जाने वाले ब्रह्म को जानने वाले लोग ब्रह्म को पाते हैं। (कई टीकाकार, जैसे शंकराचार्य, इन्हें समय नहीं, इन समयों के अधिष्ठाता देवता मानते हैं।)
Meaning: Fire, light, day, the bright half of the month, the six months of the sun’s northern course: those who know Brahman and depart by this path go to Brahman. (Many commentators, such as Shankara, take these not as times but as the deities who preside over them.)
Verse 8.25
धूमो रात्रिस्तथा कृष्णः षण्मासा दक्षिणायनम्।
तत्र चान्द्रमसं ज्योतिर्योगी प्राप्य निवर्तते॥
Dhumo ratris tatha krishnah shan-masa dakshinayanam,
tatra chandramasam jyotir yogi prapya nivartate.
अर्थ: धुआँ, रात, कृष्ण पक्ष और दक्षिणायन के छह महीने: इस मार्ग से जाने वाला योगी चंद्रमा का प्रकाश (स्वर्ग जैसा लोक) पाकर फिर लौट आता है।
Meaning: Smoke, night, the dark half of the month, the six months of the sun’s southern course: the yogi who goes by this path reaches the light of the moon and then returns.
Verse 8.26
शुक्लकृष्णे गती ह्येते जगतः शाश्वते मते।
एकया यात्यनावृत्तिमन्ययावर्तते पुनः॥
Shukla-krishne gati hy ete jagatah shashvate mate,
ekaya yaty anavrittim anyayavartate punah.
अर्थ: संसार के ये दो मार्ग, शुक्ल (उजला) और कृष्ण (अंधेरा), सनातन माने गए हैं। एक से जाने वाला लौटता नहीं, दूसरे से जाने वाला फिर लौट आता है।
Meaning: These two paths of the world, the bright and the dark, are held to be eternal. By one a person goes and does not return; by the other a person comes back again.
Verse 8.27
नैते सृती पार्थ जानन्योगी मुह्यति कश्चन।
तस्मात्सर्वेषु कालेषु योगयुक्तो भवार्जुन॥
Naite sriti partha janan yogi muhyati kashchana,
tasmat sarveshu kaleshu yoga-yukto bhavarjuna.
अर्थ: हे पार्थ, इन दोनों मार्गों को जानने वाला कोई भी योगी मोह में नहीं पड़ता। इसलिए हे अर्जुन, तुम हर समय योग से जुड़े रहो।
Meaning: No yogi who knows these two paths is ever confused, Partha. So at all times, Arjuna, stay united in yoga.
Verse 8.28
वेदेषु यज्ञेषु तपःसु चैव दानेषु यत्पुण्यफलं प्रदिष्टम्।
अत्येति तत्सर्वमिदं विदित्वा योगी परं स्थानमुपैति चाद्यम्॥
Vedeshu yajneshu tapahsu chaiva daneshu yat punya-phalam pradishtam,
atyeti tat sarvam idam viditva yogi param sthanam upaiti chadyam.
अर्थ: वेदों के पाठ, यज्ञ, तप और दान का जो भी पुण्य-फल बताया गया है, यह सब जानकर योगी उस सबसे आगे निकल जाता है और सबसे पहले के, परम स्थान को पा लेता है।
Meaning: Whatever merit is promised for studying the Vedas, for sacrifices, austerities and gifts, the yogi who knows this goes beyond it all and reaches the supreme, original abode.
Chapter colophon
ॐ तत्सदिति श्रीमद्भगवद्गीतासूपनिषत्सु ब्रह्मविद्यायां योगशास्त्रे
श्रीकृष्णार्जुनसंवादे अक्षरब्रह्मयोगो नामाष्टमोऽध्यायः॥
Om tat sad iti shrimad-bhagavad-gitasu upanishatsu brahma-vidyayam yoga-shastre
shri-krishnarjuna-samvade akshara-brahma-yogo namashtamo 'dhyayah.
अर्थ: ॐ तत् सत्। इस प्रकार उपनिषद रूपी श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता में, जो ब्रह्मविद्या और योगशास्त्र है, श्रीकृष्ण और अर्जुन के संवाद में “अक्षरब्रह्मयोग” नाम का आठवाँ अध्याय पूरा हुआ।
Meaning: Om tat sat. Thus ends the eighth chapter, called “the yoga of the imperishable Brahman”, in the Bhagavad Gita, an Upanishad, the knowledge of Brahman and a scripture of yoga, in the dialogue between Shri Krishna and Arjuna.
Questions
What does Gita 8.6 say about the last thought before death?
It says that whatever a person remembers when leaving the body is what they go to, because the mind has been shaped by it all along. The stress is on the words “always coloured by it”: the last thought grows out of a lifetime of thoughts, which is why the next verse asks Arjuna to remember the divine at all times.
What does “mam anusmara yudhya cha” (8.7) mean?
“Remember me, and fight.” Krishna does not ask Arjuna to leave his work in order to think of God. He asks him to keep the divine in mind while doing his duty, so that remembrance and action go together; this is one of the clearest short summaries of the Gita’s teaching.
What is the significance of uttarayana in Gita 8.24?
Uttarayana is the half of the year when the sun moves north, beginning around Makar Sankranti. The verse links it with the bright path by which knowers of Brahman do not return to birth; in the Mahabharata, Bhishma waits for uttarayana before leaving his body. Many commentators read the verse as describing a path of light guided by deities rather than a calendar date, and 8.27 adds that the yogi who knows both paths is not troubled by them.
How long is a day of Brahma in Gita 8.17?
The verse says a day of Brahma lasts a thousand yugas and his night as long. In the Puranic reckoning each of these yugas is a full cycle of four ages, so a day of Brahma comes to about 4.32 billion human years. The point of the verse is that even the longest-lasting worlds come and go, while the imperishable does not.
Text and sources
The Sanskrit text is public domain. We checked all 28 verses and the colophon one by one against the chapter on Sanskrit Wikisource (“Bhagavadgita/Aksharabrahmayogah”) and the Srimad Bhagavad Gita text of IIT Kanpur’s Gita Supersite (heritage.iitk.ac.in), whose text the open “gita/gita” dataset also reproduces (we used only its Sanskrit), comparing them by program after normalising punctuation and spelling conventions. The two sources agree on every word of this chapter, and we follow the Gita Press reading. Small points of presentation: in 8.28 we write “yatpunyaphalam” as one word, as in IIT Kanpur and Gita Press, where Wikisource has a space; and the long-metre verses 8.9–8.11 and 8.28, which some editions print in four short lines, are given here in two lines, one half-verse per line, as on our other chapter pages. The transliteration and meanings are our own.
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