Bhagavad Gita · Chapter 15
Bhagavad Gita Chapter 15 (Purushottama Yoga) in Hindi and English with meaning
Krishna pictures the world as a great ashvattha tree with its roots above and branches below, and asks Arjuna to cut it with the axe of non-attachment and seek the place from which no one returns. He then speaks of the soul as a part of himself, of his presence in the sun, the moon, the earth and the fire of digestion, and of himself as Purushottama, the supreme Person beyond the perishable and the imperishable.
Listen: Bhagavad Gita Chapter 15: Purushottama Yoga
A calm computer-voiced recitation over soft music, checked line by line against the text. It is an aid to reading along, not a replacement for a priest or a family elder.
What chapter 15 is about
Chapter 15 is one of the shortest chapters of the Gita, and one of the most loved. It opens with a striking image (15.1): the world as an ashvattha, a sacred fig tree, whose roots are above, in the Supreme, and whose branches spread below. Its leaves are the Vedic hymns, its branches are fed by the gunas, and its roots bind people to action (15.2). From inside, we cannot see where it begins or ends; Krishna asks Arjuna to cut it down with the strong axe of non-attachment and seek the first Person, the source of it all (15.3–15.4).
The middle of the chapter speaks of the soul as an eternal part of the Lord (15.7), carrying the mind and senses from body to body as the wind carries scent (15.8). Krishna is the light of the sun, the moon and fire (15.12), and as the fire of digestion he digests the food of every living being (15.14); this is why the chapter, and verse 15.14 in particular, is traditionally recited before meals in many homes and monasteries. He is also seated in every heart, the source of memory and knowledge (15.15).
The last verses give the chapter its name. There are two kinds of being: the perishable, which is all creatures, and the imperishable, which never changes (15.16). Beyond both is the highest Person, the Purushottama, who upholds the three worlds (15.17–15.18). Krishna calls this the most secret teaching (15.20). Reading the chapter with the meanings takes about 10 to 15 minutes.
Verses 15.1–15.6: the upside-down tree
The world as a tree rooted above, cutting it with non-attachment, and the abode no light needs to show.
Verse 15.1
श्रीभगवानुवाच
ऊर्ध्वमूलमधःशाखमश्वत्थं प्राहुरव्ययम्।
छन्दांसि यस्य पर्णानि यस्तं वेद स वेदवित्॥
Shri Bhagavan uvacha
urdhva-mulam adhah-shakham ashvattham prahur avyayam,
chhandamsi yasya parnani yas tam veda sa veda-vit.
अर्थ: श्रीभगवान ने कहा: एक अविनाशी अश्वत्थ (पीपल) वृक्ष बताया जाता है जिसकी जड़ें ऊपर हैं और शाखाएँ नीचे। वेद के मंत्र उसके पत्ते हैं; जो इस वृक्ष को जानता है, वही वेद को जानता है। (यह वृक्ष जन्म-मृत्यु वाला संसार है, जिसकी जड़ “ऊपर” परमात्मा में है।)
Meaning: The Lord said: They speak of an undying ashvattha, a sacred fig tree, with its roots above and its branches below. Its leaves are the Vedic hymns; whoever knows this tree knows the Veda. (The tree is the world of birth and death, rooted “above” in the Supreme.)
Verse 15.2
अधश्चोर्ध्वं प्रसृतास्तस्य शाखा गुणप्रवृद्धा विषयप्रवालाः।
अधश्च मूलान्यनुसंततानि कर्मानुबन्धीनि मनुष्यलोके॥
Adhash chordhvam prasritas tasya shakha guna-pravriddha vishaya-pravalah,
adhash cha mulany anusantatani karmanubandhini manushya-loke.
अर्थ: उसकी शाखाएँ नीचे और ऊपर फैली हैं, गुणों से पोषित हैं, और इंद्रियों के विषय उनकी कोंपलें हैं। नीचे मनुष्य-लोक में भी उसकी जड़ें दूर तक फैली हैं, जो मनुष्य को कर्मों से बाँधती हैं।
Meaning: Its branches spread downward and upward, fed by the gunas, with the objects of the senses as their young shoots. Below, in the world of humans, its roots stretch on and on, binding people to action.
Verse 15.3
न रूपमस्येह तथोपलभ्यते नान्तो न चादिर्न च संप्रतिष्ठा।
अश्वत्थमेनं सुविरूढमूलमसङ्गशस्त्रेण दृढेन छित्त्वा॥
Na rupam asyeha tathopalabhyate nanto na chadir na cha sampratishtha,
ashvattham enam su-virudha-mulam asanga-shastrena dridhena chhittva.
अर्थ: यहाँ (संसार में रहते हुए) इस वृक्ष का असली रूप दिखाई नहीं देता, न इसका अंत, न आरंभ, न इसका आधार। गहरी जड़ों वाले इस अश्वत्थ को अनासक्ति की मज़बूत कुल्हाड़ी से काटकर,
Meaning: Its true shape is not seen here, nor its end, nor its beginning, nor what it stands on. Cutting down this deep-rooted ashvattha with the strong axe of non-attachment,
Verse 15.4
ततः पदं तत्परिमार्गितव्यं यस्मिन्गता न निवर्तन्ति भूयः।
तमेव चाद्यं पुरुषं प्रपद्ये यतः प्रवृत्तिः प्रसृता पुराणी॥
Tatah padam tat parimargitavyam yasmin gata na nivartanti bhuyah,
tam eva chadyam purusham prapadye yatah pravrittih prasrita purani.
अर्थ: फिर उस पद (स्थान) को खोजना चाहिए जहाँ पहुँचकर कोई फिर लौटता नहीं, इस भाव से कि “मैं उसी आदि पुरुष की शरण लेता हूँ जिससे यह प्राचीन संसार-प्रवाह निकला है।” (श्लोक 3 और 4 मिलकर एक वाक्य हैं।)
Meaning: one should then seek that place from which those who reach it never return, thinking: “I take refuge in that first Person, from whom this ancient flow of the world came forth.” (Verses 3 and 4 form one sentence.)
Verse 15.5
निर्मानमोहा जितसङ्गदोषा अध्यात्मनित्या विनिवृत्तकामाः।
द्वन्द्वैर्विमुक्ताः सुखदुःखसंज्ञैर्गच्छन्त्यमूढाः पदमव्ययं तत्॥
Nirmana-moha jita-sanga-dosha adhyatma-nitya vinivritta-kamah,
dvandvair vimuktah sukha-duhkha-samjnair gachchhanty amudhah padam avyayam tat.
अर्थ: जो मान और मोह से मुक्त हैं, जिन्होंने आसक्ति के दोष को जीत लिया है, जो सदा आत्मा में लगे रहते हैं, जिनकी कामनाएँ शांत हो गई हैं, और जो सुख-दुख नाम के द्वंद्वों से छूट गए हैं, वे ज्ञानी उस अविनाशी पद को पाते हैं।
Meaning: Free from pride and delusion, having overcome the fault of attachment, always turned to the self, their desires stilled, released from the pairs of opposites called pleasure and pain, the undeluded reach that undying state.
Verse 15.6
न तद्भासयते सूर्यो न शशाङ्को न पावकः।
यद्गत्वा न निवर्तन्ते तद्धाम परमं मम॥
Na tad bhasayate suryo na shashanko na pavakah,
yad gatva na nivartante tad dhama paramam mama.
अर्थ: उसे न सूर्य प्रकाशित करता है, न चंद्रमा, न अग्नि। जहाँ पहुँचकर कोई लौटता नहीं, वही मेरा परम धाम है।
Meaning: The sun does not light it, nor the moon, nor fire. The place from which those who reach it do not return is my supreme abode.
Verses 15.7–15.11: the soul’s journey
The soul as a part of the Lord, moving from body to body, seen only with the eye of knowledge.
Verse 15.7
ममैवांशो जीवलोके जीवभूतः सनातनः।
मनःषष्ठानीन्द्रियाणि प्रकृतिस्थानि कर्षति॥
Mamaivamsho jiva-loke jiva-bhutah sanatanah,
manah-shashthanindriyani prakriti-sthani karshati.
अर्थ: इस जीव-लोक में जीव बना हुआ सनातन आत्मा मेरा ही अंश है। वह प्रकृति में स्थित मन और पाँच इंद्रियों (कुल छह) को अपनी ओर खींचता है। (अद्वैत परंपरा इस “अंश” को ऐसे समझाती है जैसे घड़े के भीतर का आकाश पूरे आकाश से अलग-सा दिखता है; भक्ति परंपराएँ इसे सच्चा और सदा रहने वाला अंश मानती हैं।)
Meaning: A part of me alone, eternal, becomes the living soul in the world of beings, and draws to itself the mind and the five senses, which rest in nature. (Advaita explains this “part” like the space inside a pot, only seemingly separate; devotional schools take it as a real and eternal part.)
Verse 15.8
शरीरं यदवाप्नोति यच्चाप्युत्क्रामतीश्वरः।
गृहीत्वैतानि संयाति वायुर्गन्धानिवाशयात्॥
Shariram yad avapnoti yach chapy utkramatishvarah,
grihitvaitani samyati vayur gandhan ivashayat.
अर्थ: जब यह जीव (शरीर का स्वामी) कोई शरीर पाता है और जब उसे छोड़ता है, तब इन (मन और इंद्रियों) को साथ लेकर वैसे ही चला जाता है जैसे हवा फूलों से सुगंध ले जाती है।
Meaning: When the soul, the lord of the body, takes on a body and when it leaves one, it carries these along with it, as the wind carries scents from flowers.
Verse 15.9
श्रोत्रं चक्षुः स्पर्शनं च रसनं घ्राणमेव च।
अधिष्ठाय मनश्चायं विषयानुपसेवते॥
Shrotram chakshuh sparshanam cha rasanam ghranam eva cha,
adhishthaya manash chayam vishayan upasevate.
अर्थ: कान, आँख, त्वचा, जीभ, नाक और मन का सहारा लेकर यह जीव विषयों का अनुभव करता है।
Meaning: Using the ear, the eye, touch, taste and smell, and the mind, it enjoys the objects of the senses.
Verse 15.10
उत्क्रामन्तं स्थितं वापि भुञ्जानं वा गुणान्वितम्।
विमूढा नानुपश्यन्ति पश्यन्ति ज्ञानचक्षुषः॥
Utkramantam sthitam vapi bhunjanam va gunanvitam,
vimudha nanupashyanti pashyanti jnana-chakshushah.
अर्थ: जब वह शरीर छोड़ता है, शरीर में रहता है, या गुणों से जुड़कर अनुभव करता है, तब भ्रमित लोग उसे नहीं देख पाते; ज्ञान की आँख वाले देख लेते हैं।
Meaning: Whether it is leaving the body, staying in it, or enjoying through the gunas, the deluded do not see it; those with the eye of knowledge do.
Verse 15.11
यतन्तो योगिनश्चैनं पश्यन्त्यात्मन्यवस्थितम्।
यतन्तोऽप्यकृतात्मानो नैनं पश्यन्त्यचेतसः॥
Yatanto yoginash chainam pashyanty atmany avasthitam,
yatanto 'py akritatmano nainam pashyanty achetasah.
अर्थ: प्रयत्न करने वाले योगी इसे अपने भीतर स्थित देखते हैं; पर जिनका मन शुद्ध और तैयार नहीं हुआ, वे नासमझ लोग प्रयत्न करके भी इसे नहीं देख पाते।
Meaning: Yogis who strive see it dwelling within themselves; but those whose minds are unready and unaware do not see it, even when they try.
Verses 15.12–15.15: the Lord who sustains all
Krishna in the light of the sun and moon, in the earth, in the fire of digestion and in every heart.
Verse 15.12
यदादित्यगतं तेजो जगद्भासयतेऽखिलम्।
यच्चन्द्रमसि यच्चाग्नौ तत्तेजो विद्धि मामकम्॥
Yad aditya-gatam tejo jagad bhasayate 'khilam,
yach chandramasi yach chagnau tat tejo viddhi mamakam.
अर्थ: सूर्य में जो तेज है जो पूरे संसार को प्रकाशित करता है, और जो तेज चंद्रमा में और अग्नि में है, उस तेज को मेरा ही जानो।
Meaning: The brilliance in the sun that lights the whole world, and the brilliance in the moon and in fire: know that brilliance to be mine.
Verse 15.13
गामाविश्य च भूतानि धारयाम्यहमोजसा।
पुष्णामि चौषधीः सर्वाः सोमो भूत्वा रसात्मकः॥
Gam avishya cha bhutani dharayamy aham ojasa,
pushnami chaushadhih sarvah somo bhutva rasatmakah.
अर्थ: मैं पृथ्वी में प्रवेश करके अपनी शक्ति से सब प्राणियों को धारण करता हूँ, और रस से भरा सोम (चंद्रमा) बनकर सब वनस्पतियों का पोषण करता हूँ।
Meaning: Entering the earth, I hold up all beings with my strength; and becoming the moon (soma), full of sap, I nourish all plants.
Verse 15.14
अहं वैश्वानरो भूत्वा प्राणिनां देहमाश्रितः।
प्राणापानसमायुक्तः पचाम्यन्नं चतुर्विधम्॥
Aham vaishvanaro bhutva praninam deham ashritah,
pranapana-samayuktah pachamy annam chatur-vidham.
अर्थ: मैं वैश्वानर (पाचन की अग्नि) बनकर प्राणियों के शरीर में रहता हूँ, और प्राण और अपान (भीतर-बाहर जाने वाली साँस) के साथ मिलकर चार प्रकार के भोजन को पचाता हूँ। (चार प्रकार: चबाकर, निगलकर, चूसकर और चाटकर खाया जाने वाला।)
Meaning: Becoming the fire of digestion (vaishvanara) in the bodies of living beings, joined with the in-breath and out-breath, I digest the four kinds of food. (Food that is chewed, swallowed, sucked and licked.)
Verse 15.15
सर्वस्य चाहं हृदि संनिविष्टो मत्तः स्मृतिर्ज्ञानमपोहनं च।
वेदैश्च सर्वैरहमेव वेद्यो वेदान्तकृद्वेदविदेव चाहम्॥
Sarvasya chaham hridi sannivishto mattah smritir jnanam apohanam cha,
vedaish cha sarvair aham eva vedyo vedanta-krid veda-vid eva chaham.
अर्थ: मैं सबके हृदय में बसा हूँ; मुझसे ही स्मृति, ज्ञान और उनका खो जाना (भूलना) होता है। सब वेदों से जानने योग्य मैं ही हूँ; वेदांत का रचने वाला और वेदों को जानने वाला भी मैं ही हूँ।
Meaning: I am seated in the heart of everyone; from me come memory, knowledge and their loss. I am what all the Vedas seek to make known; I am the author of Vedanta and the knower of the Vedas.
Verses 15.16–15.20: the supreme Person
The perishable, the imperishable, and the highest Person beyond both.
Verse 15.16
द्वाविमौ पुरुषौ लोके क्षरश्चाक्षर एव च।
क्षरः सर्वाणि भूतानि कूटस्थोऽक्षर उच्यते॥
Dvav imau purushau loke ksharash chakshara eva cha,
ksharah sarvani bhutani kuta-stho 'kshara uchyate.
अर्थ: संसार में दो पुरुष हैं: क्षर (नाशवान) और अक्षर (अविनाशी)। सब प्राणी (उनके शरीर) क्षर हैं, और जो सदा एक-सा, अटल रहता है वह अक्षर कहलाता है। (अक्षर को शंकराचार्य माया-शक्ति, यानी संसार का बीज, मानते हैं, और रामानुजाचार्य मुक्त जीवात्मा।)
Meaning: There are two kinds of person in the world: the perishable and the imperishable. All beings are the perishable; the unchanging one, steady as an anvil, is called the imperishable. (Commentators differ on the imperishable: Shankara takes it as maya, the seed-power of the world; Ramanuja as the freed soul.)
Verse 15.17
उत्तमः पुरुषस्त्वन्यः परमात्मेत्युदाहृतः।
यो लोकत्रयमाविश्य बिभर्त्यव्यय ईश्वरः॥
Uttamah purushas tv anyah paramatmety udahritah,
yo loka-trayam avishya bibharty avyaya ishvarah.
अर्थ: पर उत्तम पुरुष इन दोनों से अलग है, जिसे परमात्मा कहा गया है; वह अविनाशी ईश्वर तीनों लोकों में प्रवेश करके उनका पालन करता है।
Meaning: But the highest Person is another, called the supreme self: the undying Lord who enters the three worlds and upholds them.
Verse 15.18
यस्मात्क्षरमतीतोऽहमक्षरादपि चोत्तमः।
अतोऽस्मि लोके वेदे च प्रथितः पुरुषोत्तमः॥
Yasmat ksharam atito 'ham aksharad api chottamah,
ato 'smi loke vede cha prathitah purushottamah.
अर्थ: क्योंकि मैं क्षर से परे हूँ और अक्षर से भी उत्तम हूँ, इसलिए संसार में और वेद में मैं पुरुषोत्तम (परम पुरुष) के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हूँ।
Meaning: Because I am beyond the perishable and higher even than the imperishable, I am known in the world and in the Veda as Purushottama, the supreme Person.
Verse 15.19
यो मामेवमसंमूढो जानाति पुरुषोत्तमम्।
स सर्वविद्भजति मां सर्वभावेन भारत॥
Yo mam evam asammudho janati purushottamam,
sa sarva-vid bhajati mam sarva-bhavena bharata.
अर्थ: हे भारत, जो भ्रम से मुक्त होकर मुझे इस प्रकार पुरुषोत्तम जानता है, वह सब कुछ जानने वाला है और पूरे मन से मेरी भक्ति करता है।
Meaning: Whoever, free from delusion, knows me in this way as the supreme Person knows all, Arjuna, and worships me with his whole being.
Verse 15.20
इति गुह्यतमं शास्त्रमिदमुक्तं मयानघ।
एतद्बुद्ध्वा बुद्धिमान्स्यात्कृतकृत्यश्च भारत॥
Iti guhyatamam shastram idam uktam mayanagha,
etad buddhva buddhiman syat krita-krityash cha bharata.
अर्थ: हे निष्पाप अर्जुन, इस प्रकार मैंने यह सबसे गुप्त शास्त्र (उपदेश) कहा। हे भारत, इसे समझकर मनुष्य सच्चा बुद्धिमान हो जाता है और उसके सब कर्तव्य पूरे हो जाते हैं।
Meaning: So, sinless Arjuna, I have told you this most secret teaching. Understanding it, one becomes truly wise and has done all there is to do, Arjuna.
Chapter colophon
ॐ तत्सदिति श्रीमद्भगवद्गीतासूपनिषत्सु ब्रह्मविद्यायां योगशास्त्रे
श्रीकृष्णार्जुनसंवादे पुरुषोत्तमयोगो नाम पञ्चदशोऽध्यायः॥
Om tat sad iti shrimad-bhagavad-gitasu upanishatsu brahma-vidyayam yoga-shastre
shri-krishnarjuna-samvade purushottama-yogo nama panchadasho 'dhyayah.
अर्थ: ॐ तत् सत्। इस प्रकार उपनिषद रूपी श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता में, जो ब्रह्मविद्या और योगशास्त्र है, श्रीकृष्ण और अर्जुन के संवाद में “पुरुषोत्तमयोग” नाम का पंद्रहवाँ अध्याय पूरा हुआ।
Meaning: Om tat sat. Thus ends the fifteenth chapter, called “the yoga of the supreme Person”, in the Bhagavad Gita, an Upanishad, the knowledge of Brahman and a scripture of yoga, in the dialogue between Shri Krishna and Arjuna.
Questions
What does the upside-down tree in Gita 15.1 mean?
The ashvattha tree stands for the world of birth and death. Its roots are “above” because its source is the Supreme; its branches spread “below” into the many forms of life, fed by the gunas and the pull of the senses. The image also appears in the Katha Upanishad. Krishna says it cannot be understood from inside, only cut with non-attachment (15.3).
Why is chapter 15 recited before meals?
In 15.14 Krishna says that he lives in every body as the fire of digestion and digests all kinds of food. Remembering this before eating turns a meal into an offering, so many families and monasteries traditionally recite the chapter, or at least this verse, before eating. Any verse may be read at any time; there is no fixed rule.
What does “Purushottama” mean?
It means “the highest Person”. In 15.16–15.18 Krishna speaks of the perishable (all changing beings) and the imperishable (the unchanging), and says that he is beyond the first and higher than the second, and is therefore called Purushottama. It is also a well-known name of Vishnu and of Rama.
Text and sources
The Sanskrit text is public domain. We checked all 20 verses and the colophon one by one against the chapter on Sanskrit Wikisource (“Bhagavadgita/Purushottamayogah”), the Srimad Bhagavad Gita text of IIT Kanpur’s Gita Supersite (heritage.iitk.ac.in), whose text the open “gita/gita” dataset also reproduces (we used only its Sanskrit), and the Bhagavad Gita text on sanskritdocuments.org, comparing them by program after normalising punctuation and spelling conventions. Where they differ we follow the Gita Press reading. Differences: Wikisource leaves out the speaker line “shri bhagavan uvacha” before 15.1, which the other sources and Gita Press have, so we keep it; in 15.4 the dataset has a typing slip (“parimargitavya”) where all the others read “parimargitavyam”; and in the colophon we write “shri-krishnarjuna-samvade” as one word, as in the other chapters. Verses 2 to 5 and 15 are in a longer metre; we print each half-verse on one line. The transliteration and meanings are our own.
More in the library
Bhagavad Gita
All 18 chapters, verse by verse, in Sanskrit with Hindi and English meaning.
Krishna Aarti: Aarti Kunj Bihari Ki
Aarti Kunj Bihari Ki, verse by verse with meaning, for Janmashtami.
Vishnu Sahasranamam
The thousand names of Vishnu from the Mahabharata, every shloka with its meaning.
Shanti Mantras
Five Vedic peace prayers, from Saha Navavatu to Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah, with meaning.